Propolis is the resinous substance collected by bees from the leaf buds and bark of trees,
especially poplar and conifer trees. Bees use the propolis along with beeswax to construct
their hives.
Where is it found?
Propolis is available in liquid extract form as well as in capsules and tablets. Topical
creams and sprays containing propolis are also available, but whether they closely resemble
topical propolis products used in research is unclear.
Propolis has been used in
connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual
health concern for complete information):
Who is likely to be deficient?
Propolis is not an essential nutrient and no deficiency states have been reported.
How much is usually taken?
Most manufacturers recommend 500 mg of oral propolis products once or twice daily. For
topical applications, follow label instructions.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Propolis is generally nontoxic, though allergic reactions have been reported.1
These reactions are typically limited to skin rashes;2 however, as with other bee
products (e.g., pollen and royal jelly), more severe allergic reactions are
possible. People who are allergic to bee pollen, honey, or conifer and poplar trees should not
use propolis unless tested first by an allergy specialist. As the effects of propolis during
pregnancy and breast-feeding have not been sufficiently evaluated, women should not use it
during these times unless directed to do so by a physician.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions
with propolis.
References:1. Burdock GA. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee
propolis (propolis). Food Chem Toxicol 1998;36:347–63 [review].
2. Hausen BM, Wollenweber E, Senff H, Post B. Propolis allergy. (I).
Origin, properties, usage and literature review. Contact Dermatitis
1987;17:163–70 [review].